Bedside Ultrasound Evaluation Uncovering a Rare Urological Emergency Secondary to Neurofibromatosis

CASE A 56-year-old female presented to the emergency department (ED) with a chief complaint of urinary retention and overflow incontinence for 24 hours, preceded by progressive difficulty with voiding, worsening lower abdominal discomfort and bloating. Her past medical history was significant for small bowel obstruction and neurofibromatosis with an associated benign pelvic tumor that caused similar symptoms as a child, but had been known to be stable since that time. She had also recently been treated for a urinary tract infection. Her physical exam revealed tachycardia and a diffusely tender abdomen with a palpable, tender suprapubic mass extending just above her umbilicus. Bedside ultrasonography was performed to visualize her kidneys and bladder and revealed bilateral hydronephrosis and a distended bladder with marked wall thickening (video), yielding further evaluation with computed tomography (CT). A urinary catheter was placed and 1,850 milliliters of urine were collected. CT of the abdomen and pelvis then confirmed bilateral hydronephrosis and a severely enlarged bladder with a diffusely thickened wall, consistent with the nodular appearance expected with neurofibroma of the bladder, as demonstrated in the figure. Laboratory analysis of urine and blood supported suspicion of urinary tract infection and obstructive uropathy, respectively. Histopathological analysis subsequently confirmed the presence of a neurofibroma.